Harden wolfSSL and wolfSSH validation

Enable validated ECC imports and X25519 all-zero rejection through
PUBLIC build policy. Tighten wolfSSH parser bounds, overflow handling,
and signature framing with guard-page and crypto vector contracts.
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## Source-pinned dependency corrections (Phases 9C9D)
- Files: root `CMakeLists.txt` (after `project()`), `cmake/security_overrides.cmake`, `tools/security_overrides.py`; tests: `tests/sdk_security_overrides/run.py --build-dir .pio/build/esp32-s3-devkitc-1-n16r8`.
- Build input is the exact-hash original **plus checked-in edits**, not installed source alone. Generated copies replace seven target sources without modifying SDK/managed components: HTTPS cleanup/private-key release, HTTPD scratch lifetime/null first read, ESP-TLS server-only protocol list, wolfSSH password bounds/payload wiping, DHCP option bounds (CVE-2026-45160), TLS 1.2 EMS error propagation (CVE-2026-50581), and X.509 OID allocation failure (CVE-2026-34874). The mbedTLS entries explicitly select validated nested `mbedtls`/`mbedx509` targets, not the component wrapper. Original notices and compile properties retained; all seven copies carry the 2026-09-15 modification notice; source/hash/target ambiguity fails configuration. Never hand-edit generated copies or silently repin.
- Xtensa crypto policy: root `CMakeLists.txt` sets `CURVE25519_SMALL`/`ED25519_SMALL` before component parsing; `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.cmake` PUBLIC-propagates `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.h` to wolfSSL consumers. The resolved-settings guard requires both small implementations and rejects X25519 blinding and unreviewed Curve448/Ed448 enablement. Tests: `tests/wolf_crypto_policy/run.py`. [Wolf review](../wolf_security_review.md) distinguishes the implemented mitigation from pending ordering/parser/ECC review; [IDF review](../idf_security_review.md) records the three backports and remaining findings.
- Build input is the exact-hash original **plus checked-in edits**, not installed source alone. Generated copies replace seven target sources without modifying SDK/managed components: HTTPS cleanup/private-key release, HTTPD scratch lifetime/null first read, ESP-TLS server-only protocol list, wolfSSH password bounds/payload wiping plus bounded IGNORE/service/string parsing, channel-window overflow rejection and ECC/Ed25519 label/exact-signature framing, DHCP option bounds (CVE-2026-45160), TLS 1.2 EMS error propagation (CVE-2026-50581), and X.509 OID allocation failure (CVE-2026-34874). The mbedTLS entries explicitly select validated nested `mbedtls`/`mbedx509` targets, not the component wrapper. Original notices and compile properties retained; all seven copies carry the 2026-09-15 modification notice; source/hash/target ambiguity fails configuration. Never hand-edit generated copies or silently repin.
- Xtensa crypto policy: root `CMakeLists.txt` sets `CURVE25519_SMALL`/`ED25519_SMALL` before component parsing; `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.cmake` PUBLIC-propagates `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.h` to wolfSSL consumers. PUBLIC `WOLFSSL_VALIDATE_ECC_IMPORT` and `WOLFSSL_ECDHX_SHARED_NOT_ZERO` enable existing P-256 import and X25519 all-zero-result checks. The resolved-settings guard requires these checks and both small implementations, rejects reviewed ECC validator-disabling/hardware-stub configurations, X25519 blinding and unreviewed Curve448/Ed448 enablement. Tests: `tests/wolf_crypto_policy/run.py` (strict actual production flags, real vendor crypto/ASN vectors and independently specified exact source deltas; candidate injection is not production evidence). [Key-validation review](../ssh_key_validation_review.md) records effective flags, caller/API limits and unmeasured validation cost. [Wolf review](../wolf_security_review.md) distinguishes implemented mitigations from unresolved ordering/deferred parsers; [IDF review](../idf_security_review.md) records the three backports and remaining findings.
- Parser tests: `tests/wolfssh_parser_contract/run.py`, [scope and exclusions](../../tests/wolfssh_parser_contract/README.md): 3,124 extracted-function cases per each of two stack modes, guard pages/UBSan traps and six rejected guard-removal mutations. Crypto doubles test gating, not arithmetic. PR892/881/880 subsets plus local signature framing only; no PR899 or ordering changes. Password/dispatch/deferred-source fences preserve prior contracts.
- Latest supplied parent build PASS: 94,340 B linked RAM / 1,768,949 B flash (+1,732 B versus 1,767,217 B). Strict crypto, parser, auth (135 cases), protocol policy and SDK override `--build-dir .pio/build/esp32-s3-devkitc-1-n16r8` commands PASS; independent review found no scoped blocker. Not target/runtime-reserve evidence.
- Ordering remains open: temporary PR793/819/840/855/921 attempt retained no changes; `SendNewKeys` WANT_WRITE/`SendExtInfo` continuation, `extInfoSent` rekey semantics and manual prerequisites unresolved. Registry 1.5.0/5.9.2 queries returned 404 on 2026-09-15 despite upstream tags. [Next strategy/commit pins](../wolf_security_review.md#ordering-blocker-and-actionable-next-strategy): isolated packaging/compatibility evaluation or prerequisite-audited source/header backport, with nonblocking/initial-KEX/rekey ordering tests before closure. No upgrade/device operation.
- Policy/evidence/limits: [library review](../security_library_review.md), [Phase 9C](../security_hardening.md#9c-library-cleanup-and-protocol-policy). Source-contract tests must locate and verify actual generated compilation inputs, not assume original vendor paths.
## Secure randomness
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Working memory, not an implementation timeline. Source is authoritative; begin with [code map](code-map.md), then [architecture](architecture.md) and [decisions](design-decisions.md).
## Phase 9D continuation — SSH parser / key validation — 2026-09-15
- Initial Git status clean; previous 9D work already retained. Current slice keeps managed pins and seven-source override mechanism unchanged. `tools/security_overrides.py` now bounds IGNORE/service/helper parsing, rejects window-add overflow, fixes ECC/Ed25519 label predicates, and enforces ECC nested r/s plus outer signature exact consumption and Ed25519 exact signature-field consumption. Password wipe/async and state ordering unchanged.
- `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.*` PUBLIC-propagates `WOLFSSL_VALIDATE_ECC_IMPORT` and `WOLFSSL_ECDHX_SHARED_NOT_ZERO`, with fail-closed resolved guards. Verified prior P256 peer point reaches scalar multiplication without equivalent validation; nontrivial low-order X25519 inputs bypassed old precheck. Real vendor tests now reject these inputs. Evidence in `docs/ssh_key_validation_review.md`; generic digest/OID API hardening remains separate, no current short-digest trigger found in inspected callers.
- Parent `pio run` PASS **94,340 B linked RAM / 1,768,949 B flash** (+1,732 flash vs prior9D). Strict crypto suite initially rejected concurrent parser changes; corrected independent exact-delta expectations, not weakened provenance. Final parent five suites PASS: `wolf_crypto_policy`, `wolfssh_parser_contract` (3,124 cases in each of two stack modes, six guard-removal mutations), `wolfssh_auth_contract`135cases, `ssh_protocol_policy`, `sdk_security_overrides --build-dir .pio/build/esp32-s3-devkitc-1-n16r8`. Independent review no scoped blockers; strict crypto/parser suites rerun PASS. Real vendor arithmetic tests and parser doubles remain separate, not live SSH transactions.
- **Ordering CVE-2025-14942 still unresolved.** Official registry queries returned404 for wolfSSH1.5.0/wolfSSL5.9.2; upstream releases exist, so a full upgrade requires deliberate pinned component integration. Temporary-only PR793/819/840/855/921 backport evaluation found manual context adaptation plus unresolved SendNewKeys WANT_WRITE / skipped SendExtInfo continuation and extInfoSent rekey semantics. No partial ordering/header-layout patch installed. Next choose coherent tested nonblocking source+header backport or upstream component integration; preserve all local auth/wiping/parser contracts. Full provenance/rekey/negative-order tests required. Details and official links in wolf review.
- Other remaining work: deferred parser/API applicability, release notices/source obligations, and whole-phase hardware validation. Review recommends a valid-but-inconsistent private/public ECC fixture and parser-to-real-crypto integration gate. No hardware/latency/resource/handshake claims, no device operations/assets/upgrades/secure-boot/encrypted-NVS changes. Do not mark Phase9 complete or require intermediate hardware signoff.
## Phase 9D — advisory mitigation / operational review — 2026-09-15
- Work in progress; user validates Phase 9 as a whole. Secure boot/encrypted NVS excluded. No device operations or dependency upgrades.
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1. **9A — Crash/debug build policy and operational profiles — In progress; hardware pending.** `src/security_build_policy.c` requires `CONFIG_ESP_COREDUMP_ENABLE_TO_NONE=y` and `CONFIG_ESP_SYSTEM_PANIC_SILENT_REBOOT=y`; rejects core-dump enable/flash/UART, panic print/halt/GDBstub, runtime GDBstub and ESP/FreeRTOS debugger-aware options. `sdkconfig.defaults` makes the baseline explicit. Development/test/production use the same build baseline, not separate PlatformIO environments. Host matrix (`python3 tests/security_build_policy/run.py`) compiles the actual guard: 17 cases plus the generated-header check passed on 2026-09-15. `pio run` passed (94,196 B linked RAM / 1,828,565 B flash); target panic/recovery tests have not run. Production readiness remains pending.
2. **9B — SSH admission and credential handling — Implemented; combined target validation deferred.** Boot-lifetime, owner-only token buckets independently bound handshakes, password/signed-key requests and unsigned probes; reconnect/restart/counter clearing do not replenish them. Existing per-slot attempt limits/currentness remain. Explicit keyboard-interactive rejection, pending-signature result fencing, secret-free admission counters, consumed admin-buffer wipes and fail-closed hidden-prompt overflow/unsupported-byte handling are implemented. Four focused suites (including 35 pinned-vendor control-flow cases), 11 related regressions and `pio run` passed on 2026-09-15: 94,340 B linked RAM / 1,829,925 B flash. Global-budget starvation remains a documented tradeoff, not a solved availability problem.
3. **9C — Library cleanup and protocol policy — Implemented; combined target validation deferred.** Exact-hash build-tree overrides correct HTTPS cleanup/leaks, HTTPD scratch failure/wiping/first-read handling, bounded SSH password parsing/wiping and server-local TLS policy without modifying installed dependencies. Secure wolfSSL allocation hooks and explicit SSH policy fail closed; early web quota probing avoids receiving already-throttled bodies. TLS1.2 ECDHE-ECDSA AES-GCM and SSH GCM/modern-KEX allowlists intentionally exclude legacy-only clients; no identity migration. Bounded password/certificate/header/destructor review is documented, not exhaustive zeroization. Final build PASS 94,340 B linked RAM / 1,831,309 B flash; focused and related host/source-contract tests passed. [Review and maintenance contract](security_library_review.md).
4. **9D — Maintenance and lifecycle — In progress; unresolved security and distribution questions.** [Security operations](security_operations.md) documents provisioning, explicit saves, rotation, recovery, reconstruction (no implemented backup/export) and approved destructive reset/decommissioning. The [wolfSSL/wolfSSH implementation addendum](wolf_security_review.md) records the implemented Xtensa small X25519/Ed25519 mitigation (CVE-2025-12888), with consistent library/consumer flags and a resolved-settings guard; small X25519 is not combined with blinding. Server-recommended message-order work (CVE-2025-14942) and parser/ECC reviews remain pending. The [IDF implementation addendum](idf_security_review.md) records pinned DHCP (CVE-2026-45160), TLS 1.2 EMS (CVE-2026-50581) and X.509 allocation-failure (CVE-2026-34874) backports; historical research remains labeled and retained. Supplied parent build PASS: **94,340 B linked RAM / 1,767,217 B flash**, unchanged RAM / **64,092 B flash** from 9C; SDK-override, wolf-crypto-policy, wolfSSH-auth-contract and SSH-protocol-policy suites all passed. Independent reviewer reports the first two suites passed with no blocking implementation defects; see [evidence and limits](security_hardening.md#mitigation-hostbuild-evidence--2026-09-15). The [bounded license inventory](dependency_licenses.md) marks modification/date notices resolved for all seven generated files (2026-09-15; upstream licenses retained), but radio-blob corresponding-source/exception, source/notice delivery and packaging/provenance questions remain open. Upgrades/backports require coherent source/header review, override rebasing and contract tests, not blind repinning. Broader dependency advisory coverage remains unfinished. No dependency upgrade was performed. **Phase 9 is not complete or production-ready; scoped mitigations do not establish full advisory closure, device validation or license/distribution clearance.** OTA signing trust remains separate Phase 10 work.
4. **9D — Maintenance and lifecycle — In progress; unresolved security and distribution questions.** [Security operations](security_operations.md) documents provisioning, explicit saves, rotation, recovery, reconstruction (no implemented backup/export) and approved destructive reset/decommissioning. The [wolfSSL/wolfSSH implementation addendum](wolf_security_review.md) records the implemented Xtensa small X25519/Ed25519 mitigation (CVE-2025-12888), with consistent library/consumer flags and a resolved-settings guard; small X25519 is not combined with blinding. Bounded IGNORE/service/string parsing, channel-window overflow, ECC/Ed25519 labels and exact signature framing are now corrected in the existing generated override. [P-256 import and X25519 all-zero-result checks](ssh_key_validation_review.md) are enabled with effective PUBLIC flags confirmed; generic digest/OID API hardening and deferred parser semantics remain open. **Server-recommended ordering work (CVE-2025-14942) is not fixed:** a temporary PR793/819/840/855/921 backport attempt retained no changes because manual prerequisites, nonblocking `SendNewKeys`/`WS_WANT_WRITE``SendExtInfo` continuation and `extInfoSent` rekey semantics remain unresolved. The [IDF implementation addendum](idf_security_review.md) records pinned DHCP (CVE-2026-45160), TLS 1.2 EMS (CVE-2026-50581) and X.509 allocation-failure (CVE-2026-34874) backports; historical research remains labeled and retained. Supplied parent build PASS: **94,340 B linked RAM / 1,768,949 B flash**, unchanged RAM / **+1,732 B flash** versus the preceding 1,767,217 B build. All five parent commands passed: strict wolf-crypto-policy, wolfSSH-parser-contract (3,124 cases per each of two modes plus six rejected mutations), wolfSSH-auth-contract (135 cases), SSH-protocol-policy and SDK-override with actual build-directory registration. Independent review found no blocker in these scoped changes; see [evidence and limits](security_hardening.md#mitigation-hostbuild-evidence--2026-09-15). The [bounded license inventory](dependency_licenses.md) marks modification/date notices resolved for all seven generated files (2026-09-15; upstream licenses retained), but radio-blob corresponding-source/exception, source/notice delivery and packaging/provenance questions remain open. Official registry wolfSSH 1.5.0 / wolfSSL 5.9.2 queries returned 404 on 2026-09-15; upstream tags exist but managed compatibility is not established. The [next strategy and immutable commit references](wolf_security_review.md#ordering-blocker-and-actionable-next-strategy) call for isolated upstream packaging/compatibility evaluation or a prerequisite-audited coherent backport, with partial-send/EXT_INFO/rekey and negative ordering tests. Upgrades/backports require coherent source/header review, override rebasing and contract tests, not blind repinning. Broader dependency advisory coverage remains unfinished. No dependency upgrade was performed. **Phase 9 is not complete or production-ready; scoped mitigations do not establish full advisory closure, device validation or license/distribution clearance.** OTA signing trust remains separate Phase 10 work.
At the user's request, hardware validation is deferred to **Phase 9 as a whole**, not required between implementation slices. [Security hardening](security_hardening.md) collects profiles, host evidence and the combined target checklist. Silent panic reboot removes useful crash diagnostics, not ordinary reset/boot/status information or every possible log disclosure. Raw flash/RAM/dumps remain secret-bearing, not routine diagnostic exports. Existing coredump bytes are not retroactively cleared; no secure erase is claimed. Isolated synthetic-secret debug builds require explicit reviewed source-policy changes, not a provided bypass flag.
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## 9D maintenance and lifecycle — in progress
- [Security operations](security_operations.md) supplies source-checked provisioning, explicit-save, account/key/identity rotation, recovery, reconstruction and approved erase/decommissioning procedures. There is no implemented configuration backup/export or private-identity restore workflow. Commands and checklists are not device execution evidence; the user will validate Phase 9 as a whole.
- [wolfSSL/wolfSSH review and implementation addendum](wolf_security_review.md): the **CVE-2025-12888** Xtensa mitigation now selects `CURVE25519_SMALL` and `ED25519_SMALL` consistently for wolfSSL and consumers. The PUBLIC forced-include resolved-settings guard rejects missing small implementations, X25519 blinding (incompatible with small in this pinned version), and unreviewed Curve448/Ed448 enablement. **Still open:** server-recommended message-order correction for **CVE-2025-14942**, parser/ECC review and broader API/feature applicability. No server credential-leak or invalid-curve exploit is demonstrated; target timing/interoperability remains untested.
- [wolfSSL/wolfSSH review and implementation addendum](wolf_security_review.md): the **CVE-2025-12888** Xtensa mitigation now selects `CURVE25519_SMALL` and `ED25519_SMALL` consistently for wolfSSL and consumers. The PUBLIC forced-include resolved-settings guard rejects missing small implementations, X25519 blinding (incompatible with small in this pinned version), and unreviewed Curve448/Ed448 enablement. The existing generated wolfSSH override now bounds IGNORE/service strings, rejects zero-capacity string output and channel-window overflow, corrects ECC/Ed25519 key/signature labels, and enforces exact signature framing (ECC nested r/s bounds plus inner/outer consumption; Ed25519 outer consumption). These are PR892/881/880 subsets plus local framing corrections, not full backports; password wiping/async retention remain unchanged. PUBLIC `WOLFSSL_VALIDATE_ECC_IMPORT` and `WOLFSSL_ECDHX_SHARED_NOT_ZERO` now enable P-256 import validation and X25519 all-zero-result rejection, with effective production flags confirmed and fail-closed backend guards. See [key-validation evidence](ssh_key_validation_review.md) and [parser scope/limits](../tests/wolfssh_parser_contract/README.md). **Still open:** server-recommended message-order correction for **CVE-2025-14942**, PR899/deferred parsers, service/key-blob semantics and broader API applicability. Current raw SSH digest construction does not expose the reviewed short-digest/OID trigger; generic PR10131 API hardening is not backported. No exploit or whole-library clearance is demonstrated; added validation CPU/allocation cost and target interoperability remain unmeasured.
- [Focused IDF review and implementation addendum](idf_security_review.md): pinned backports now implement DHCP option bounds (**CVE-2026-45160**), TLS 1.2 EMS failure return (**CVE-2026-50581**) and X.509 OID allocation-failure handling (**CVE-2026-34874**). Explicit nested-target validation places the mbedTLS edits on `mbedtls`/`mbedx509`, retaining source properties and exactly-one-source checks. WS negotiation **CVE-2026-45541** and ASN.1 named-data **CVE-2025-48965** remain unpatched with the review's qualified applicability, not blanket closure.
- [Dependency license inventory](dependency_licenses.md) is a bounded engineering inventory, not legal or distribution clearance. All seven generated sources now carry prominent modification notices dated **2026-09-15**, with upstream notices retained, including both mbedTLS dual-license headers. That narrow finding is resolved. Radio-blob corresponding-source/exception questions, actual firmware/device/browser notice delivery, preferred-source packaging, wolfSSH package-license discrepancy and icon provenance/full-license work remain open. Existing repository notices alone are not a complete release bundle.
- **Ordering is not fixed.** A temporary coherent PR793/819/840/855/921 backport attempt retained no changes: manual prerequisites and nonblocking `SendNewKeys`/`WS_WANT_WRITE` skipping `SendExtInfo` continuation, plus `extInfoSent` rekey semantics, remain unresolved. Official registry 1.5.0/5.9.2 queries returned 404 on 2026-09-15 despite upstream tags existing. Follow the [actionable ordering strategy](wolf_security_review.md#ordering-blocker-and-actionable-next-strategy): evaluate immutable upstream snapshots with reviewed packaging or audit a complete prerequisite-aware backport; require partial-send/EXT_INFO/initial-KEX/rekey and negative ordering tests before closure.
- No dependency versions were upgraded. Beyond the implemented backports above, proposed upgrades/backports remain candidates, not approved compatible versions. Re-audit coherent source/header changes, effective compile policy, exact-hash overrides and callback/parser contracts, then obtain host/build and whole-phase target evidence. 9A9C passes below are historical scoped evidence, not closure of these newly recorded findings.
Secure boot and encrypted NVS remain excluded. No runbook, advisory report or license inventory establishes production readiness or authorizes a destructive device operation.
@@ -130,18 +131,19 @@ Raw flash, RAM and dumps can contain Wi-Fi passwords, private keys, password ver
### Mitigation host/build evidence — 2026-09-15
Supplied parent results (not rerun for this documentation update): `pio run` **PASS**, **94,340 B linked RAM / 1,767,217 B flash**. Against the historical 9C build below, RAM is unchanged and flash is **64,092 B smaller**. Linked size is not runtime headroom or timing evidence.
Supplied parent results (not rerun for this documentation update): `pio run` **PASS**, **94,340 B linked RAM / 1,768,949 B flash**. RAM is unchanged and flash is **1,732 B larger** than the preceding 1,767,217 B mitigation build. Linked size is not runtime headroom or timing evidence.
All four parent commands passed:
All five parent commands passed (crypto policy in strict mode, without candidate injection):
```sh
CCACHE_DISABLE=1 python3 tests/sdk_security_overrides/run.py --build-dir .pio/build/esp32-s3-devkitc-1-n16r8
CCACHE_DISABLE=1 python3 tests/wolf_crypto_policy/run.py
CCACHE_DISABLE=1 python3 tests/wolfssh_parser_contract/run.py
CCACHE_DISABLE=1 python3 tests/wolfssh_auth_contract/run.py
CCACHE_DISABLE=1 python3 tests/ssh_protocol_policy/run.py
```
The independent reviewer reports the first two suites passed with no blocking implementation defects. Documentation verification separately matched all seven existing generated files to pinned originals plus checked-in edits/notices and checked retained mbedTLS license headers. This is scoped implementation/host/build evidence, not completed wolfSSH ordering/parser/ECC review, license packaging clearance or whole-phase acceptance. No target evidence, upgrade, asset regeneration or device operation is claimed.
Independent review found no blocker in the scoped changes. The parser suite passed **3,124 cases per stack mode (two modes)** with guard pages/UBSan trap instrumentation and **six rejected guard-removal mutations**; its crypto doubles establish parser gating, not signature arithmetic. The auth suite passed **135 cases**. Strict crypto tests run real vendor arithmetic/ASN vectors, independently compare seven audited source bodies with exact parser deltas, and check twelve production translation units plus negative policy cases. Effective ECC/X25519 flags were confirmed. SDK override validation includes actual seven-source build registration. This is scoped implementation/host/build evidence, not ordering closure, exhaustive parser/crypto review, license clearance or whole-phase acceptance. No target evidence, upgrade, asset regeneration or device operation is claimed.
### Host and build — historical passes 2026-09-15 (9A9C)
@@ -189,14 +191,14 @@ Retain these checks for the user's final whole-phase test session; do not stop i
#### Protocol compatibility and allocation-failure recovery
1. Verify both allowed TLS suites and both SSH GCM ciphers using compatible clients; force excluded CBC/CTR/other-only offers and confirm rejection. Exercise both SSH KEX choices and both user-key types, initial handshake and rekey, plus TLS renegotiation rejection. Retain UART0 access; do not rotate identities to work around an algorithm mismatch.
2. With synthetic credentials, test truncated/oversized SSH password and change-password packets: no authentication callback for malformed fields, no crash, bounded disconnect/recovery. Host canary assertions are not real encrypted-packet coverage.
2. With synthetic credentials, test truncated/oversized SSH password and change-password packets: no authentication callback for malformed fields, no crash, bounded disconnect/recovery. Include malformed IGNORE/service strings, window overflow, ECC/Ed25519 labels and nested/trailing signature bytes, invalid P-256 points and low-order X25519 inputs. Measure added import-validation latency/allocation/stack cost, host-key loading and handshake deadlines under repeated KEX/rekey and combined load. Host canary/vector assertions are not real encrypted-packet coverage.
3. Exercise HTTPS failed-start, post-handshake allocation failure, normal/failed-stop retry and split-header scratch allocation failure on a separately reviewed fault-injection image. Observe recovery/no accumulating allocation loss without exporting keys or RAM. Failed stop must not prematurely free live TLS state.
4. Repeatedly start/stop HTTPS and SSH and stress header parsing/authentication under the full transport mix. Capture internal/DMA/PSRAM free/minimum/largest-block and stack margins alongside serial/broker loss counters. Specifically measure old-plus-new allocation peaks and secure-free CPU cost; previous very low internal minima remain important.
5. Verify exhausted web login returns early without stalled-body work, clears the used pre-login challenge, and recovers after the documented window. Check malformed requests below quota and correct credentials for normal behavior; do not infer fairness from a rate-limit pass.
## Staged next work
- **Continue 9D maintenance and lifecycle.** Resolve the [open advisory priorities](wolf_security_review.md#release-decision--current-path-priorities), finish broader dependency coverage beyond the bounded IDF/mbedTLS review and three implemented backports, and address the [release source/notice work](dependency_licenses.md#actionable-release-work-not-performed). Runbooks are documented, not rehearsed; remaining mitigations/reviews, distribution clearance and whole-phase acceptance remain outstanding.
- **Continue 9D maintenance and lifecycle.** Execute the [ordering strategy and remaining advisory work](wolf_security_review.md#ordering-blocker-and-actionable-next-strategy), finish broader dependency coverage beyond the bounded IDF/mbedTLS review and three implemented backports, and address the [release source/notice work](dependency_licenses.md#actionable-release-work-not-performed). Runbooks are documented, not rehearsed; remaining mitigations/reviews, distribution clearance and whole-phase acceptance remain outstanding.
- **Retained evidence limits:** 9C completes a bounded cleanup/protocol review, not every-library-copy zeroization. Live inline residue, compaction tails, hardware/stack intermediates, global admission starvation and resource/interop measurements remain documented limitations or combined target gates. Any additional hardening must preserve owner lifetimes and bounded recovery.
- **Phase 10: OTA trust.** Define independent image-signature verification, trust-anchor provisioning, rotation/revocation, rollback/downgrade and recovery policy without secure boot. Authenticated transport alone is not image-signing policy, and OTA signature checks cannot prevent physical firmware replacement.
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# SSH key-validation review — 2026-09-15
## Decision and scope
**The baseline P-256 ECDH and X25519 validation gaps are mitigated by project-owned compile policy. Parent firmware build and local strict crypto suite PASS; the broader SSH review and hardware gates remain open.** This supplements, rather than silently rewrites, the historical [wolf review](wolf_security_review.md).
- Enable upstream `WOLFSSL_VALIDATE_ECC_IMPORT` for wolfSSL 5.8.2. The SSH server imports an unauthenticated P-256 peer point and otherwise reaches scalar multiplication without an on-curve check.
- Enable existing upstream `WOLFSSL_ECDHX_SHARED_NOT_ZERO`. The SSH X25519 input precheck does not reject every low-order input; the result check was disabled.
- These are PUBLIC definitions in `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.cmake`, with resolved-settings checks in `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.h`. No root `CMakeLists.txt` edit is necessary: it already includes this module after `project()`. The existing small X25519/Ed25519 policy and RNG/acceleration controls are preserved.
- No dependency version, installed vendor source, generated override, application source, or device change was made by this task. Edits are restricted to the assigned policy files, `tests/wolf_crypto_policy/`, and this report.
- This is **not** a demonstrated long-term-key recovery, authentication bypass, remotely measured exploit, full upstream backport, or release approval. ECDH uses a freshly generated ephemeral key, separate from the long-term signing identity.
## Exact local evidence
Inspected installed wolfSSH 1.4.20 / wolfSSL 5.8.2~1 and the generated wolfSSH input located through `.pio/build/esp32-s3-devkitc-1-n16r8/compile_commands.json`. SHA-256 snapshot:
| Input | SHA-256 |
| --- | --- |
| `managed_components/wolfssl__wolfssh/src/internal.c` | `81ff1f9166708abd5c2911e9fe57c0aee01c88b5d3f68c909ee8a856d37f36a9` |
| `.pio/build/esp32-s3-devkitc-1-n16r8/security_overrides/wolfssh_internal/internal.c` | `9e5923d536cee049409a7df471d155a6dd2e804d55a1528f5c4abc8e34807dea` |
| `managed_components/wolfssl__wolfssl/wolfcrypt/src/ecc.c` | `909c57e2756a8002df9f1d214483c659cb20db4a5f51047eda62d64ac458db06` |
| `managed_components/wolfssl__wolfssl/wolfcrypt/src/curve25519.c` | `9a0f6f0205245a8d19500a936d9b02bb71c8656713648408d1cb408362694b76` |
| `managed_components/wolfssl__wolfssl/wolfcrypt/src/signature.c` | `62ab3db3dfd251b2a2c73b69ef05aab6085d2e0d673fd9159514b3ee261cea4f` |
The original and generated bodies of `HashForId`, `KeyAgreeEcdh_server`, `KeyAgreeCurve25519_server`, `SignHEcdsa`, and `DoUserAuthRequestPublicKey` remain byte-identical. `DoUserAuthRequestEcc` and `DoUserAuthRequestEd25519` now contain the reviewed label/framing corrections from `tools/security_overrides.py`. The crypto suite independently reconstructs only those exact deltas from the hash-pinned original, requires exact anchor counts, and compares all seven complete functions with the actual generated compilation input. It does not derive its expected bodies from the generator being checked, skip changed functions, normalize away changes or relax the original hashes. Any additional change requires re-review. This is not a whole-generator equivalence test.
Generated-source line references below retain the initial pre-parser-correction snapshot; use the named functions in the current generated source, whose hash is recorded above.
Before changing policy, actual Xtensa preprocessing of `ecc.c` confirmed `USE_FAST_MATH`, `ECC_TIMING_RESISTANT`, `WOLFSSL_SMALL_STACK`, `HAVE_ECC_CHECK_KEY`, and internal `HAVE_ECC_CHECK_PUBKEY_ORDER`; neither validation definition was present. `USE_ECC_B_PARAM` and SP math were absent. Initial candidate replay checked the proposed definitions. Following the parent build, **strict mode now passes without injecting policy flags**, checking the saved production compiler/includes/definitions and syntax for twelve library/SSH/application translation units, including `ecc.c` and `signature.c`. Parent-reported `pio run` PASS: **94,340 B linked RAM / 1,768,949 B flash**. This agent did not rerun PlatformIO or inspect a flashed image; compile-profile checks and the supplied link/build result are distinct evidence.
## P-256 import and ECDH
Generated `internal.c:1125111317`, `KeyAgreeEcdh_server`:
1. Derive `primeId` from negotiated KEX; project policy allows `ecdh-sha2-nistp256` and X25519.
2. Initialize public/private keys; attach the session RNG to the ephemeral private key.
3. `wc_ecc_import_x963_ex(handshake->e, eSz, pubKey, primeId)` imports the peer point.
4. Only after successful import, generate a fresh private key, export its public point, and call `wc_ecc_shared_secret`.
5. Errors propagate; both key objects are freed. The policy adds no task, queue, retry loop, protocol control sequence, or new entropy source.
Installed `ecc.c:1070911020` parses X9.63 coordinates and selects the curve. At `1099310996`, `wc_ecc_check_key` is called **only** with `WOLFSSL_VALIDATE_ECC_IMPORT`. Merely compiling `HAVE_ECC_CHECK_KEY` is not equivalent. The inferred-curve `wc_ecc_import_x963` wrapper uses the same implementation.
Without this flag, `wc_ecc_shared_secret` (`46694752`) checks pointers, private-key type, domain metadata and matching curve IDs, not whether the peer coordinates satisfy the curve equation. Its software path reaches `wc_ecc_shared_secret_ex` (`5102`), `wc_ecc_shared_secret_gen_sync` (`4759`), and `wc_ecc_mulmod_ex2` (`4942` vicinity), using curve A, prime and order. No equivalent point-validation call precedes the multiplication. **The absent import validation is applicable, not just an unproven macro concern.**
With the flag, `_ecc_validate_public_key` (`1049510703`) checks infinity, coordinate ranges, the curve equation and public-point order; private imports additionally check the private range and private/public consistency where applicable. It loads B from `key->dp->Bf` even when `USE_ECC_B_PARAM` is absent. There is no need to force B storage or reproduce the larger upstream source refactor. The guard rejects configurations that disable the software validator or route it to the known successful hardware stubs; it does not claim arbitrary future backends are validated.
The work is bounded by the selected curve and existing key/input limits, but **not free**: valid imports incur public validation, including order checking, and private/public consistency checks can add multiplication and allocations. Target latency, memory peaks, stack margins, repeated-handshake/rekey load and the existing deadlines must be measured. Existing admission limiting is not evidence that this cost is harmless.
## X25519 all-zero result
Generated `internal.c:1133511394`, `KeyAgreeCurve25519_server`, explicitly runs `wc_curve25519_check_public` before import, key generation and shared-secret calculation. Installed `curve25519.c:645710` rejects wrong lengths, zero/one, the high bit, and the upper-end range in the little-endian path. This is **not** a complete low-order rejection rule.
The real vendor small-math tests exercise two nontrivial low-order u-coordinates that pass that precheck:
- `e0eb7a7c3b41b8ae1656e3faf19fc46ada098deb9c32b1fd866205165f49b800`
- `5f9c95bca3508c24b1d0b1559c83ef5b04445cc4581c8e86d8224eddd09f1157`
`wc_curve25519_shared_secret_ex` (`452536`) already contains a 32-byte OR reduction under `WOLFSSL_ECDHX_SHARED_NOT_ZERO`. It returns `ECC_OUT_OF_RANGE_E` for an all-zero result before copying it to the caller, then wipes its temporary. Neither the current SSH server helper nor subsequent successful-KEX processing adds an equivalent result test. Enabling this existing check is sufficient for the inspected software path. Tests verify rejection of both inputs, unchanged caller output on rejection, ordinary zero/one precheck rejection, and the valid RFC7748 shared secret. No custom blacklist or small-math/blinding combination is introduced.
## Raw signatures and CVE-2026-5194 applicability
**No attacker-selected short digest/OID-confusion trigger was found in the reviewed current raw SSH authentication/signing paths. The separate ECC/Ed25519 label and signature-framing defects have now been corrected by the parser owner, as reviewed below; that does not backport generic crypto API hardening.**
- `src/ssh_transport.c:489` calls `user_database_authorize_ssh_public_key` before wolfSSH signature verification. `src/user_database.c:185` vicinity checks exact embedded type, exact `nistp256`, 65-byte uncompressed point and end-of-blob; mbedTLS parses and checks the point. `user_database_authorize_ssh_public_key:810` repeats validation and requires exact stored key-type/blob matching for the named account. Thus the server user-key path already has an independent P-256 point-validation boundary, unlike unauthenticated KEX. The new wolfSSL import check is defense in depth here.
- Generated `DoUserAuthRequestPublicKey:7324` vicinity derives `hashId = HashForId(pkTypeId)`, obtains `digestSz` from `wc_HashGetDigestSize`, and hashes the session ID and authentication message locally. `HashForId` maps P256 to SHA256: the digest is 32 bytes, not a peer-supplied digest length. The untrusted signature type does not choose an alternate prehash independently of that authorized key type.
- Generated `DoUserAuthRequestEcc:6851` vicinity imports Q, converts raw r/s through `wc_ecc_rs_raw_to_sig`, and calls `wc_SignatureVerifyHash` with that locally computed digest and length. Installed `signature.c:131` only checks that the hash type exists, not equality of `hash_len` with its size; `ecc.c:9204` checks r/s ranges but predates the new minimum-digest check. These upstream API weaknesses remain in the dependency, but the reviewed caller supplies the correct size.
- `SignHEcdsa:11676` hashes exchange hash H using `HashForId(handshake->pubKeyId)` and signs the resulting full SHA256 digest for the allowed P256 host key. This is distinct from ECDH.
- Client host verification (`DoKexDhReply`, generated calls near `5651/5685`) uses `wc_SignatureVerify`, which computes the full digest before verification. Client `BuildUserAuthRequestEcc` derives its digest size from `HashForId(keySigId)`. These are not the intended application's server authentication role. Existing message-order concerns mean role alone must not substitute for validating dispatch reachability.
- Certificate variants (`DoUserAuthRequestEccCert`, `BuildUserAuthRequestEccCert`) are under disabled `WOLFSSH_CERTS`. Current Ed25519 auth takes its separate message/streaming-verification path, not an attacker-sized Ed25519ph digest. Ed448 and ML-DSA are not current SSH algorithms.
- Host private DER decoding goes through `wc_EccPrivateKeyDecode` in installed `asn.c:35833`; template parsing calls `wc_ecc_import_private_key_ex` near `36033`. Real host tests cover valid SEC1 P256 private/public import without a pre-attached RNG, plus rejection of a corrupted embedded public point. This is not an NVS lifecycle or identity-rotation test.
The compile-policy mitigation does **not** backport PR10131's global digest-length/OID enforcement. Reassess if new raw APIs, certificates, key types, callbacks or client roles are enabled.
## Parser-owner corrections reviewed and remaining work
The following formerly pending gaps are **fixed in the current generated input**, not by the crypto compile flags:
1. Both key/signature label checks in `DoUserAuthRequestEcc` and `DoUserAuthRequestEd25519` now use OR. Unequal lengths reject before `memcmp`; equal lengths compare the bounded expected span. This rejects equal-length wrong labels and avoids comparing an oversized label against the shorter expected label. Existing error normalization remains unchanged.
2. ECC `GetSize` first proves `sz <= signatureSz - i`; converting `sz` to the absolute end with `sz += i` therefore cannot wrap. Both `GetStringRef` calls use that end, not the outer field size. The subsequent `i != sz || sz != pk->signatureSz` rejection requires exact inner and outer consumption before conversion or verification.
3. Ed25519 requires `sz == pk->signatureSz - i` before starting streaming signature verification. Trailing bytes outside the declared signature string now reject.
Reviewed `tools/security_overrides.py` and `tests/wolfssh_parser_contract/{run.py,README.md,auth_framing.c}` against exact original/generated function diffs. These deltas leave ECC digest creation, raw-to-DER conversion and crypto calls, and Ed25519 streamed-message construction unchanged. Valid framing is retained; previously tolerated malformed labels/trailing bytes reject. No exploit or authentication-bypass demonstration is claimed.
The parser suite uses extracted generated functions, guard pages, instrumented nested reads, UBSan trap mode and **crypto doubles**. Its documented 3,124 cases per stack mode and six guard-removal mutations concern parser gating, not actual signature arithmetic. In contrast, this crypto suite executes real installed vendor arithmetic/ASN/wrappers and separately checks exact generated parser deltas and production compilation settings. Neither suite is an end-to-end SSH handshake test.
Parent build plus local strict crypto validation resolve the earlier build/profile handoff; no root edit is requested. Remaining work: broader ordering/state-machine and deferred parser/advisory review, standalone ECC curve-name/key-blob semantic validation if that dependency path is used without the application's existing checks, generic PR10131 API hardening as applicability requires, and whole-phase hardware/resource/latency tests. Later changes to audited functions still require explicit delta review, not silent repinning.
## Tests and limitations
Commands run for this task:
```sh
python3 tests/wolf_crypto_policy/run.py --host-only
python3 tests/wolf_crypto_policy/run.py --candidate
# Follow-up after parent firmware build:
python3 tests/wolf_crypto_policy/run.py
```
**Follow-up strict suite PASS**, including all host vectors and private ASN-decode cases, seven exact source-body checks with independently specified parser deltas, and production flags without candidate injection. Earlier host-only/candidate runs also passed. Parent build evidence is supplied, not rerun here; no device validation was performed. Details are in the companion [test README](../tests/wolf_crypto_policy/README.md). Coverage includes 20 guard cases; a host CMake fixture executing the real module over a library → SSH → app graph; real installed small-X25519/Ed25519 and TFM P256 crypto; explicit/inferred import rejection for off-curve, infinity, out-of-range, truncated and wrong-tag points; valid ECDH; raw/DER valid and invalid ECDSA verification; private-key ASN import; exact source checks; twelve strict production target macro/syntax checks; four real-settings missing-policy rejection cases.
Host settings use software TFM, ECC timing resistance and small-stack allocation, but host word size, allocator, OS entropy, compiler and absent ESP acceleration differ from firmware. The CMake fixture is not the full ESP-IDF graph. No exhaustive Wycheproof/fuzz campaign, allocator-failure injection, crypto-suite sanitizer execution, network handshake, real rekey, timing/side-channel measurement, stack/heap reserve measurement, agent-performed firmware link, flashing or hardware validation is claimed. The parent-reported firmware build/link and size figures above do not establish runtime reserves. Test development exposed host fixture omissions (POSIX declarations, wolfmath linkage, filesystem RNG and ASN settings); those were corrected without modifying vendor sources.
## External sources rechecked
Read-only retrieval on 2026-09-15:
- [wolfSSL PR10133 diff](https://github.com/wolfSSL/wolfssl/pull/10133.diff): removes conditional B/on-curve gating and treats `wc_ecc_import_x963_ex` input as untrusted by default in the later tree. This is not a directly applied patch to 5.8.2.
- [5.9.1 tagged ChangeLog](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wolfSSL/wolfssl/v5.9.1-stable/ChangeLog.md), Bug Fixes: explicitly recommends `WOLFSSL_VALIDATE_ECC_IMPORT` for users of older versions. This is the basis for the bounded policy choice.
- [wolfSSL PR10374 diff](https://github.com/wolfSSL/wolfssl/pull/10374.diff): makes X25519/X448 all-zero checking opt-out. The existing 5.8.2 opt-in macro enables the inspected equivalent synchronous result check; later nonblocking/TLS changes are not imported.
- [wolfSSL PR10131 diff](https://github.com/wolfSSL/wolfssl/pull/10131.diff): certificate signature-OID/key-type consistency plus raw digest-size hardening; used to distinguish the current SSH caller contract from unpatched generic API behavior.
PR URLs are mutable and are not an archived commit-pinned upstream evidence bundle. Local original source hashes above and the source-contract tests bound the implementation inspected here.
+15 -3
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**Xtensa small-math mitigation implemented; the broader review and security sign-off remain open.** Root `CMakeLists.txt` defines `CURVE25519_SMALL` and `ED25519_SMALL` before component parsing. `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.cmake` propagates a forced-include resolved-settings guard PUBLIC from wolfSSL to consumers, including wolfSSH/application code. `cmake/wolf_crypto_policy.h` requires both enabled small implementations, rejects `WOLFSSL_CURVE25519_BLINDING`, and rejects enabling Curve448/Ed448 without review. This follows PR 9275's small-math policy for the enabled Xtensa algorithms, with consistent library/consumer production flags and ABI-sensitive layouts. **Blinding is not enabled with small X25519**: wolfSSL 5.8.2 excludes/rejects this combination; do not force it back on or present the historical blinding observation below as current policy.
The CVE-2025-12888 configuration mitigation is no longer merely proposed. Supplied parent evidence: `pio run` **PASS**, **94,340 B linked RAM / 1,767,217 B flash**, **64,092 B flash** from 9C with unchanged linked RAM; all four [focused mitigation commands](security_hardening.md#mitigation-hostbuild-evidence--2026-09-15) passed. Independent reviewer reports SDK-override and wolf-crypto-policy tests passed with no blocking implementation defects. These are supplied host/build results, not reruns by this documentation update, device timing measurements, real SSH interoperability/rekey evidence or runtime-headroom evidence.
**Parser corrections implemented:** `tools/security_overrides.py` extends the existing hash-pinned wolfSSH generated source (still seven overridden files overall). The PR892 subset bounds `DoIgnore`/`GetSkip` and service-string reads, accepts boundary-empty skips, rejects zero-capacity `GetString`, and preserves the old strict service-name length limit. The PR881 subset rejects channel-window addition overflow without changing the window. The PR880 subset changes both ECC/Ed25519 key/signature label comparisons to short-circuit OR. Local framing corrections bound ECC r/s reads to the declared sub-blob and require exact inner/outer consumption; Ed25519 also requires exact outer consumption. Valid framing and crypto/digest/message construction remain unchanged; formerly tolerated malformed labels/trailing bytes reject. Existing password bounds/wiping and async-pending retention remain intact. See the [parser contract and deferred scope](../tests/wolfssh_parser_contract/README.md); these are subsets, not complete PR backports. PR899 has no applied hunks; service semantics, other parsers and standalone ECC key-blob semantics remain open.
**Still pending:** coherent wolfSSH message-order review/correction (CVE-2025-14942), IGNORE/service and other parser review, ECC import/ECDH/raw-signature validation review, remaining advisory applicability, and whole-phase target validation. No dependency upgrades were made; newer release pairs below remain unvalidated candidates. License/source/notice packaging remains unresolved in the [license inventory](dependency_licenses.md). Phase 9 is not complete or production-ready.
**Crypto validation implemented:** PUBLIC `WOLFSSL_VALIDATE_ECC_IMPORT` and `WOLFSSL_ECDHX_SHARED_NOT_ZERO` enable existing upstream P-256 import validation and X25519 all-zero-result rejection. The guard rejects missing checks and reviewed validator-disabling/hardware-stub configurations. Strict production checks confirm the effective flags without candidate injection. The [key-validation review](ssh_key_validation_review.md) traces the previously missing unauthenticated P-256 KEX point check and low-order X25519 inputs that pass the old precheck. Current raw SSH signature callers supply locally derived full digests; no current short-digest/OID-confusion trigger was found. This does not backport generic PR10131 API hardening or demonstrate an exploit. Import validation adds CPU/allocation cost requiring target measurement.
Supplied parent evidence: `pio run` **PASS**, **94,340 B linked RAM / 1,768,949 B flash**, unchanged RAM / **+1,732 B flash** versus the preceding 1,767,217 B mitigation build. All five [focused commands](security_hardening.md#mitigation-hostbuild-evidence--2026-09-15) passed: strict crypto policy, parser contract (3,124 cases in each of two stack modes plus six rejected guard-removal mutations), auth contract (135 cases), SSH protocol policy, and SDK overrides with actual build-directory registration. Independent review found no blocker in the scoped changes. Parser tests use crypto doubles; crypto tests execute real vendor arithmetic and independently check exact generated-source deltas. Neither establishes an end-to-end SSH exchange. These are supplied results, not build/test reruns by this documentation update or runtime-headroom evidence.
**Still pending:** coherent wolfSSH ordering correction (CVE-2025-14942), deferred parser/API/advisory review, whole-phase target validation and [license/source packaging](dependency_licenses.md). No dependency upgrade or device operation was performed. Phase 9 is not complete or production-ready.
### Ordering blocker and actionable next strategy
The supplied follow-up reports an attempted coherent PR793/819/840/855/921 backport in temporary work only; **no ordering changes were retained**. Manual patch prerequisites remained unresolved, as did nonblocking `SendNewKeys` returning `WS_WANT_WRITE` and skipping the `SendExtInfo` continuation, and `extInfoSent` semantics across rekey. Parser/crypto passes do not close these state-machine issues.
Official registry queries for wolfSSH **1.5.0** and wolfSSL **5.9.2** returned **404 on 2026-09-15**. Upstream tags exist at wolfSSH commit `8643d7be841184f766374e3b0ed68ced6391543c` and wolfSSL commit `ac01707f552c611fbd135cc723b2682b3e7f80f2`; tag existence is not managed-component availability or ESP compatibility. This is supplied query evidence, not a fresh network check by this documentation update.
Next, evaluate those immutable upstream snapshots in an isolated compatibility branch/worktree with an explicit reviewed packaging/provenance plan, rather than assume a registry version bump works. Alternatively, inventory and review every prerequisite of a coherent source/header backport before applying it. In either approach, first add state-machine regression coverage for partial sends/`WS_WANT_WRITE`, exactly-once EXT_INFO continuation, initial KEX versus rekey and `extInfoSent` lifetime, unexpected/pre-auth messages and valid client flows. Rebase source overrides and version/callback contracts explicitly; preserve password wiping and parser/crypto checks, then rerun focused suites and the firmware build. Only after review and whole-phase target interoperability/resource tests may ordering closure be claimed.
## Historical pre-mitigation research baseline — 2026-09-15
**The remainder retains the original research evidence. “Current” macros, generated hashes and “not applied/tested” statements below refer to the earlier non-small snapshot; the addendum supersedes those implementation-status claims only. The pending ordering/parser/ECC findings are not closed.**
**The remainder retains the original pre-mitigation research evidence. “Current” macros, generated hashes, priorities and “not applied/tested” statements below describe that historical snapshot, not today's implementation. The addendum and linked key-validation review supersede the scoped small-math, parser and ECC/X25519 status claims. Ordering and explicitly deferred findings remain open.**
Review date: **2026-09-15**. Read-only external research and local applicability inspection; stopped at the user's requested handoff. **Not a completed security review or release clearance.** Only this new report was written. No dependencies, sources, generated inputs, or parent documents were changed; no build, hardware test, network exploit, or public PoC was executed.